Exploration Journey to the Ancestor of All Mountains
Kunlun Mountains: The Myth and Reality Stretching Across the Horizon
Amid swirling clouds and mist, a silver dragon lies across the sky, dividing the golden Tarim Basin from the vast Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. This is the Ancestor of All Mountains, the source of myth, and the most magnificent geographical barrier in western China.
At dawn, I stood at the Kunlun Mountain pass at an altitude of 4,768 meters, the cold wind cutting like a knife. Before me stretched endless snow-capped peaks, glowing golden under the rising sun. In the distance, Kongur Mountain, standing proudly at 7,649 meters, is the highest point of the Kunlun range and one of the highest on the Pamir Plateau.
The Kunlun Mountains start from the Pamir Plateau in the west and extend eastward into Qinghai Province, spanning about 2,500 kilometers. Like a natural barrier, they separate the Tarim Basin from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, forming the most majestic geographical boundary in western China.
Source of Myth: The Core of Chinese Creation Legends
Before arriving at the Kunlun Mountains, my understanding mostly came from ancient texts. The Classic of Mountains and Seas records: "The void of Kunlun within the seas lies in the northwest, beneath the emperor’s capital." In Chinese mythology, Kunlun is regarded as the "Ancestor of All Mountains" and the "Ancestor of the Chinese Dragon Vein," the birthplace of many myths and legends.
It is said that Kunlun was the earthly capital of the Heavenly Emperor, and the Queen Mother of the West resided here. The Mu Tianzi Biography records that King Mu of Zhou once rode the eight steeds to tour Kunlun in the west and met the Queen Mother of the West at the Jade Pool. This legend not only reflects the ancient Central Plains dynasty’s longing for the mysterious western regions but also became an early imagination of cultural exchange between the Central Plains and the Western Regions.
Multiple Symbolic Meanings of Kunlun in Chinese Mythology
Center of the Universe
· Seen as the axis connecting heaven, earth, and humanity
· A sacred place where gods reside and ascend to heaven in mythology
Origin of Creation
· Many creation myths are linked to Kunlun
· Considered one of the spiritual birthplaces of the Chinese nation
Abode of Deities
· The immortal residence of the Queen Mother of the West
· A cultivation site in many Taoist immortal legends
Symbol of Immortality
· The legendary location of the "Tree of Immortality" and "Elixir of Immortality"
· A place where emperors sought eternal life
In Taoist culture, Kunlun is revered as a sacred place for cultivation. Taoist Ge Hong of the Eastern Jin Dynasty recorded in Baopuzi: "On Kunlun Mountain, there are golden terraces and jade towers, shining like flowing essence, jade halls, rooms of exquisite beauty, purple-green and red chambers, brocade clouds illuminating the sun, and ninefold red glow of vermilion clouds." These descriptions portray Kunlun as an ideal realm beyond the mundane world.
Geographical Marvel: Asia’s Backbone and Water Source Treasure
The geological structure of the Kunlun Mountains is extremely complex, located at the forefront of the collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates. About 50 million years ago, the Indian plate drifted northward and collided with the Eurasian plate, causing the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and shaping the Kunlun Mountains as they appear today.
This process continues today, with Kunlun rising by several millimeters annually.
Kunlun hosts the largest glacier group in the world’s mid-to-low latitudes. Statistics show that Kunlun’s glaciers cover over 12,000 square kilometers, equivalent to 200 West Lakes. These glaciers are the source or important supply for many major rivers, most notably the Yellow River, Yangtze River, Lancang River, and Tarim River.
I followed a scientific expedition to the glacier tongue at the northern slope of Kunlun, where a glacier cross-section dozens of meters thick revealed a dreamy blue color. Glaciologist Professor Zhang told me, "Kunlun glaciers are the 'solid water reservoir' of the arid northwest, with an annual meltwater runoff of about 15 billion cubic meters, nourishing tens of millions of people and vast oases downstream."
Due to high altitude and cold climate, Kunlun’s ecosystem is unique. It is home to first-class national protected animals such as Tibetan antelope, snow leopards, and wild yaks. In the valleys, hardy alpine plants like cushion-shaped saxaul and Kunlun wormwood grow, forming one of the world’s highest desert ecosystems.
Cultural Fusion: The Intersection of Myth and History
Kunlun is not just a natural mountain range but a crossroads of diverse cultures. Historically, it was an important route on the southern Silk Road, connecting the Central Plains with the Western Regions, Central Asia, and beyond.
At the Kunlun pass at 3,800 meters, I saw the legendary "Kunlun Heavenly Pillar" ruins. It is said to have been an ancient sacred site for observing celestial phenomena and formulating calendars. Archaeologists discovered a sacrificial site dating back about 3,000 years here, unearthing numerous jade ritual artifacts, confirming the record in the Zhou Rituals: "Using blue jade discs to worship heaven, and yellow jade cong to worship earth."
Jade is an important symbol of Kunlun culture. The Records of the Grand Historian states: "Kunlun is over 2,500 li high, where the sun and moon avoid, creating brightness. On it are sweet springs and jade pools." The Thousand Character Classic also says, "Gold is born in Lishui, jade comes from Kungang." Since ancient times, Hetian jade from Kunlun’s northern slope has been transported to the Central Plains via the Silk Road, becoming a vital part of Chinese jade culture.
After Buddhism entered China, Kunlun was incorporated into Buddhist geography. The Eastern Jin monk Faxian recorded in the Buddhist Kingdoms: "Before the Congling Mountains, the plants and fruits are all different, only bamboo, pomegranate, and sugarcane are the same as in Han lands." He linked Kunlun with Mount Sumeru from Buddhist legends, enriching Kunlun’s cultural connotations.
Modern Kunlun: Resource Treasure and Ecological Barrier
Today, Kunlun is not only a sacred place of myth but also an important resource treasure and ecological barrier in China.
The Kunlun region is rich in mineral resources, including proven reserves of oil, natural gas, iron, copper, and jade. The Tarim Basin oilfield is one of China’s largest, and Hetian jade from Kunlun’s northern slope is world-renowned.
With the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway and numerous highways, Kunlun is no longer an impassable natural barrier. I drove along National Highway 219, known as the "Tianshan Corridor," which runs through Kunlun’s northern foothills, connecting Xinjiang and Tibet. Along the way, one can see snow mountains, grasslands, deserts, and various landforms, a true "geography textbook."
Kunlun’s ecological environment is extremely fragile. Global warming has accelerated glacier melting, with glacier area shrinking about 15% over the past 50 years. Overgrazing and mineral exploitation also pressure the local ecosystem.
At a 4,200-meter alpine meadow, I met Tibetan herder Zhaxi. He told me, "Our family used to have 300 sheep, now reduced to 100. The government encourages us to reduce livestock to protect the grasslands." Through measures like returning grazing land and ecological compensation, Kunlun’s environment is gradually recovering.
Kunlun Spirit: The Spiritual Symbol of the Chinese Nation
Standing at the Kunlun pass, gazing at the endless snow peaks, I pondered the mountain range’s significance to the Chinese nation. Kunlun has long transcended a mere geographical concept to become a spiritual symbol of the Chinese people.
In Chinese literature and art, Kunlun is an eternal theme. Qu Yuan wrote in Li Sao: "Setting out at dawn from Cangwu, by evening I reach the garden; wishing to linger a little in this fairyland, the day fades swiftly toward dusk," expressing longing for Kunlun’s fairyland. Mao Zedong wrote in Nian Nu Jiao: Kunlun, "Soaring across the sky, wild Kunlun, surveying all the spring scenery of the world," combining Kunlun’s grandeur with revolutionary spirit.
In modern China, Kunlun embodies the spirit of "unyielding and standing tall." This spirit is reflected in border guards, mountaineers challenging limits, and herders silently protecting the land.
On the way down, I met a climbing team preparing to challenge Muztagh Ata at 7,509 meters. The captain told me, "Climbing Kunlun is not only a physical challenge but a spiritual baptism. Standing atop the snow mountain, you feel your insignificance and the grandeur of being connected to heaven and earth."
The Eternal Mountain Range
Leaving Kunlun, the sunset dyed the snow peaks golden. Looking back, the silver dragon still lay across the horizon, silent and solemn.
Kunlun is where myth and reality intertwine, a space where nature and culture resonate. It has witnessed the earth’s vicissitudes, carries the collective memory of the Chinese nation, and will continue to guard this land’s present and future.
In this rapidly changing era, Kunlun reminds us: some things are eternal. Though mountains slowly change with geological movements, their majestic presence and cultural significance have deeply merged into the Chinese nation’s bloodline, becoming our shared spiritual home.
When we look up at Kunlun, we are not just looking at a mountain range but at a height, a spirit, an eternal force connecting past and future, nature and civilization.