The Origin of a City's Name: A Testament to Millennia of Faith

In the heart of Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria, stands an ancient and solemn red-brick structure—the St. Sofia Church. This church is not only one of the oldest Christian churches in Sofia but also the origin of the city's name, "Sofia." It is more than a symbol of religious faith; it is a silent historical chronicle spanning millennia. With its simple yet dignified appearance, the church conceals rich archaeological layers and profound historical significance, making it one of the most valuable heritage sites of early Christian architecture in Southeastern Europe. The current site of St. Sofia Church is a multi-layered historical landmark, with its history tracing back to the Roman era: Roman Necropolis: The site was originally a large necropolis in the eastern part of the Roman city of Serdica. Tombs and mausoleums dating back to the 3rd century are still preserved deep underground. Foundations of Early Churches: Between the 4th and 6th centuries, the church underwent at least four reconstructions and expansions. Remnants of its predecessor structures have been discovered beneath the existing church. A Masterpiece of Justinian's Era: The current structure of the church was primarily built during the reign of Byzantine Emperor Justinian I (527–565 AD). It is a contemporary of the more famous Hagia Sophia in Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul), though on a different scale. Naming the City: During the Middle Ages, particularly in the 14th century, the church's prominence peaked, leading the city, then known as "Sredets," to be renamed "Sofia" after the church. Compared to the grand Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, St. Sofia Church's exterior appears modest yet dignified, showcasing the elegance and symmetry of early Christian basilica-style architecture. During the Ottoman rule in the 16th century, the church was converted into a mosque, and its original frescoes were destroyed. However, after two major earthquakes in the 19th century, the mosque's minaret was destroyed, which was considered an ill omen by the Muslims, leading to its abandonment. One of the most fascinating aspects of St. Sofia Church is its underground archaeological level, which is open to visitors and serves as an underground museum. Visitors can explore the Roman necropolis beneath the church, witnessing dozens of stone sarcophagi, tombs, and brick mausoleums dating from the 3rd to 5th centuries. Today, St. Sofia Church functions as both an active church and an important archaeological museum. Its graceful presence and rich underground world offer a unique journey through time, connecting people to the deepest historical roots of Sofia.